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Species: Gorilla

Use: N/A

Authors: A.H. Harcourt.

Methods: Continuous Ad lib sampling

Publications/Presentations: A.H. Harcourt (1979b). Social Relationships among adult male and female mountain gorillas in the wild. Animal Behavior, 27, 325:342.

Behaviors (Also see Harcourt, A. H. (1977). Social relationships of wild mountain gorilla. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge).

Proximity: 2m and 5m.

Grooming: Only those lasting > 5 sec.

Agonism

Approach-retreat: Non-aggressive approach followed by retreat.

Approach

Retreat

Avoid: Movement away within 1 to 2 sec following the otherŐs approach, but not to beyond 2 m.

Supplanted: Movement away within 1 to 2 sec following the otherŐs approach, to beyond 2 m.

Threat display: Includes chest-beating, ground-thumping, foliage-slapping, strutting and running.

Hooting

Attacks: Hits, kicks, and bites.

Pig-grunt: Sharp grunt.