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Species: Gorilla

Use: Agonistic behavior

Authors: R.B. Fischer

Methods: N/A Publications/Presentations: R.B. Fischer (1984). Observations of group introductions in lowland gorillas. Behavioral Processes, 9, 293:296.

Non-agonistic behaviors

Proximity: When two or more animals were less than 4 m apart for at least one minute.

Arm-over: Lateral extension of arm towards another. Arm was typically relaxed. Aggression has not been observed following approach preceded by arm-over.

Contact aggression: Frequencies of hitting, biting or grappling observed between individuals.

Noncontact aggression: Instances of directed pursuit (subsuming charging and chasing), demonstration (species typical postural and facial displays, chest beating, throwing, or aggressively striking an object as part of a sequence of activities), and lunging. Behaviors not clearly directed toward a specific individual were omitted.